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Harold Autor: Englisch Sprachen: 407 Seiten: 24 Länge: 237 Höhe: g 672 Gewicht: 154 Breite: Eigenschaften D case the in formula the of reductions further Dirichlet's Exercises: formula. the reduce to fact this of Use itself. of multiple a is 4D mod ight)$$ {_n^D} $$\left( character the of transform Fourier 6.5. Section of technique the using evaluated be can formula number class the of term This $$. ight)\frac{1}{n}} {_n^D} {\left( of$$\sum\limits_{} Evaluation 9.5 squarefree..- D 4, mod 1 D? when required Modifications 4. mod 1 = 9.4D Examples..- Derivation. squarefree. D 4, mod D?1 D0, case The case. First 9.2 D..- of types various for cases into Splitting integers. quadratic of case the in Analog formula. product Euler The 9.1 formula.- number class Dirichlet's 9 0..- +f= ey + dx cy2+ + bxy + ax2 of Lagrange, to due essentially solution, Complete variables. 2 in 2 degree of Equations 8.7 theory..- divisor using without forms quadratic binary of classes two of product the defined Gauss How forms. of composition Gauss's 8.6 cases..- several in group class divisor the of Derivation Examples. 8.5 squarefree..- not is D where case the to 7.7 Section of theorem the of Extension forms. of classification The 8.4 integers}..- $$:x,y D y\sqrt + {$$x order the for classes divisor and 0) > D when (positive forms primitive properly of classes equivalence proper between correspondence one-to-one The forms. quadratic binary of equivalence Proper forms. quadratic binary and divisors between correspondence The 8.3 forms..- quadratic binary given by integers given of representations finding for Method forms. quadratic binary equivalent generating for method a as it of Interpretation method. cyclic the of view Alternative 8.2 numbers..- convenient Euler's Exercises: order. an to corresponding group class divisor The order. an to relative Equivalence integers. quadratic of Orders modified. be to needs group class divisor the of definition the squarefree not is D When groups. class divisor Other 8.1 forms.- quadratic binary of theory Gauss's 8 reciprocity..- quadratic of theorem, this from deduction, Gauss's occur. actually characters possible the of half most at that Proof reciprocity. quadratic of proof second Gauss's 7.11 characters..- possible of number the half most at is classes ambiguous of number the that Proof Definition. classes. Ambiguous 7.10 genera..- into classes divisor the of partition Resulting class. divisor a of Character equivalent. be to divisors two for conditions necessary Gauss's Genera. 7.9 reciprocity..- quadratic of law the by implied are and imply Euler, by unproved theorems, These prime. remain which classes the and split which 4D mod primes of classes the of determination the simplify which theorems other found He 4D. mod p of class the on only depends $$ D y\sqrt + $$x integers quadratic in factors p prime a which in way the that empirically found Euler theorems. Euler's 7.8 group..- class divisor the of derivation the simplifies This divisors. reduced of period same the yields them to method cyclic the of application if only equivalent are divisors two that Proof theorem. general a group: class divisor The 7.7 D..- of values several for group class divisor the of derivation Explicit examples. group: class divisor The 7.6 unit..- fundamental the of Computation 0. D case the in algorithm the of validity the of Proof Indians. ancient the of method cyclic the essence, in is, It divisor. this with integers quadratic all finding of so, if and, principal is divisor given a whether determining for algorithm simple a is there integers quadratic for case, cyclotomic the Unlike divisors. given with integers Quadratic 7.4 introduced..- is -1 norm with divisor a case this In values. positive as well as negative assumes norm the 0 a give section preceding the in defined divisors the that Proof theory. divisor The 7.2 4..- mod 1 ? D case the in integers quadratic of definition the of Modification $$. D y\sqrt + $$x form the of numbers for theory divisor a be to is there if be must divisors prime the what of Determination divisors. Prime The 7.1 integers.- quadratic for theory Divisor 7 Summary..- 6.19 (B)..- implies (A) lemma. Rummer's 6.18 factor..- first the divides also it if only number class the of factor second the divides ? that Proof ?. by factor second the of Divisibility 6.17 B?-3..- B4, B2, numbers Bernoulli the of one of numerator the divides it if only and if number class the of factor first the divides ? that show to section preceding the of techniques the of Generalization A. by factor first the of Divisibility 6.16 polynomials..- Bernoulli and numbers Bernoulli number. class the of factor first the of computation the of Simplifications irregular. is 37 that Proof 6.15 number..- class the for formula explicit the give to sections preceding the of pieces the all of Assembling formula. number class The 6.14 same..- the is classes divisor two any over sum the limit, the in that, Proof classes. divisor other over sum The 6.13 integral..- the by replaced be can sum the evaluated, be to limit the In sum. the and integral the of Comparison 6.12 calculus..- integral in problem a of Solution integral. the of Evaluation 6.11 integers..- cyclotomic of set certain a over sum a of terms in written divisors principal all over Sum units. all principle, in least at finding, for Method case. general The Units: 6.10 number..- class the of factor Second 11. ?= case the in units the of derivation Implicit analysis. Fourier Finite-dimensional 7. 5, 3, = ? cases the in units ail of derivation Explicit cases. few first The Units: 6.9 limit..- common their of evaluation the for Program classes. two any for same the is class divisor a. in A divisors all over N(A)-s of sum the s?1, as limit the In side. left the of Reformulation 6.8 consideration..- under ?'s the for L(1,?)?0 that Proof ofL-series. nonvanishing The 6.7 formula..- explicit An side. right the of limit The 6.6 L(1,?)..- for formulas Explicit 1$$ - ,\lambda \ldots 1,2, = ight),\,j ight)} ^j}} {\alpha - {1 {1/\left( \left( $$\log for series the of superposition a as L(1,?) parts. by Summation ofL(1,?). evaluation Dirichlet's 6.5 ?..- mod characters nonprincipal the are ?'s the where L(s,??-2) - - (s)L(s,?1)L(s,?2)- ? to equal is side right The side. right the of Reformulation 6.4 function..- zeta Riemann The formula. product Euler generalized the of Proof steps. First 6.3 s?1..- as limit the evaluating and (s-1) by sides both multiplying by found is formula number class The integers. cyclotomic of case the for formula the of Analog formula. product Euler The 6.2 B?-3..- B4, B2, numbers Bernoulli the of numerators the divide not does it if only and if regular is ? that theorem Kummer's is proved be to theorem main The Introduction. 6.1 number.- class the of Determination 6 laws..- supplementary The symbols. Legendre law. the of statement the of derivation a to also but law reciprocity quadratic famous the of proof a to only not leads theory Kummer's reciprocity. Quadratic 5.6 ?r..- form the of is e(?)/e(?-1) unit the e(?), unit any For exponents. prime regular for Theorem Last Fermat's of deduction Kummer's primes. regular for proof The 5.5 "regular.".- called are primes Such powers. ?th are ? mod integers to congruent units (B) and ? by divisible not is number class the (A) which for ? primes the of out singling the motivate 5 and 3 exponents the for Theorem Last Fermat's prove to used arguments of types The conditions. two Kummer's 5.4 finite..- is number class the that Proof sets. Representative divisors. of equivalence of properties basic and Definition number. class The 5.3 case..- specific a in integers?" cyclotomic of divisors are divisors "Which question the of Analysis case. special a in divisors of Equivalence 5.2 forms..- quadratic binary of theory Gauss's with connection its and $$ D y\sqrt + $$x integers quadratic for divisors of theory a to allusion Kummer's divisors. of equivalence of notion The integers. quadratic on remarks Kummer's 5.1 primes.- regular for Theorem Last Fermat's 5 Summary..- 4.15 theorem..- remainder Chinese The A. mod integers cyclotomic of classes N(A) are There integer. an as and divison a as divisor a of Norm divisor. a of Conjugates divisor. a of norm the and Conjugations 4.14 "Ideals.".- divides. it that things all of set the by determined is divisor A Terminology. 4.13 Notation..- divisors. of Definition Divisors. 4.12 great..- as least at multiplicity with h(?) divides g(?) divides which divisor prime every if only and if h(?) another divides g(?) integer cyclotomic A theorem. fundamental The 4.11 ?..- of ?) (1- divisor prime one The integer. cyclotomic a divides divisor prime a which with multiplicity the of Definition prime. exceptional the and Multiplicities 4.10 proposition..- basic the of proof original Kummer's of Inadequacy divisors. prime or factors prime "ideal" of definition the for basis the is This factor. prime no is there which in those even cases, all in exist factors prime by divisibility for tests The divisors. Prime 4.9 h(?)..- integer cyclotomic prime given a by divisibility periods-for of up made those just not integers- cyclotomic arbitrary Testing test. divisibility the of Extension 4.8 ?..- and p of values small for factorizations Explicit ?. mod 1 ? whenp Computations 4.7 h(a)..- by divisibility for periods of up made integers cyclotomic test to easy it makes This (?). h mod integers to congruent all are f length of periods the then p of factor prime any is (?) h if and ? mod p of exponent the is f If ?. mod primesp?1 of Factorization 4.6 ef=?-1..- where ?e under invariant is it if only and if f length of periods of up made is integer cyclotomic A ?. mod ? root primitive a to corresponding ?:???? conjugation The Periods. 4.5 factors..- prime "ideal" Kummer's behind idea The 47. = p and ?=23 when factorization of Impossibility p?1000. and ??19 for factorizations Kummer's ?. and p of values small for primes such of factorizations Explicit ?. mod 1 = whenp Computations 4.4 p..- prime a such of factor prime a be to integer cyclotomic a for conditions sufficient and necessary of Derivation ?. mod primesp?1 of Factorization 4.3 norm..- the using Division "irreducible." and "prime" between distinction The integer. cyclotomic a of norm The operations. and definitions Basic integers. Cyclotomic 4.2 numbers..- complex ideal of theory new Kummer's factorization. unique of Failure Liouville. to letter Kummer's proof. a at attempts Cauchy's objection. Liouville's Theorem. Last Fermat's of "proof" Lamé's 1847. of events The 4.1 factors.- ideal of theory Kummer's 4 14..- = n case the of proof Dirichlet's Exercise: techniques. new requires clearly exponents larger for Theorem Last Fermat's prove and further go To here. explained not are respectively, Lamé and Dirichlet by proofs, These 7. = andn 14 = casesn The 3.4 5|q..- condition additional the under only ight)^5}$$ } 5 b\sqrt + {a {\left( = 5 q\sqrt + $$p implies power fifth a -5q2 p2 that except x3+y3?z3 that proof Euler's like is technique General Legendre. and Dirichlet of achievement joint The x5+y5?z5. that Proof 5. casen= The 3.3 primes..- small all for I Case proves easily It I. Case for condition sufficient a is theorem Germain's Sophie (otherwise). II Case and p) exponent the to prime relatively z and (x,y, I Case cases, two into Theorem Last Fermat's of Division Germain. Sophie theorem. 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